The Recipe Book as a Tradition in the Family Essay

The Recipe Book as a Tradition in the Family - Essay ExampleDifferent families have different items among their possessions that they hold most dear. These items ordinarily have some special meaning to the members of the family and they seldom give out these items outside the family. Among the many possessions in my family, there is one that has incomparable value. It reminds everyone of our past and is the basis of some of our traditions in the family. This special item is a recipe book that my grandmother wrote. The recipe book contains several recipes that my grandmother developed. These recipes have been in go for in my family for such a long time that some of the meals have become our identity among friends and relatives. It is a tradition in the family to cook a meal from the recipe book at least in one case a week. We always look forward to meals prepared from the recipe book, as they are usually special. Our family in addition uses the book when we have guests and during s pecial events and occasions. Owing to this tradition, the recipe book has become so special in our family. My family intends to keep the recipe book for generations to come. That is to keep the recipes a family secret down the years and ensure we moderate our uniqueness when it comes to preparing special meals. Only select members of the family will inherit it down the generations to keep the traditions going. Currently, the book is at a lower place the custody of my mother who, when the time comes, will decide whom to give it. Everyone in the family hopes to inherit it and be the command of those rich meals in their own family.

Ethics of Gene Therapy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics of Gene Therapy - look Study ExampleThe term clone encompasses three different procedures guide oning to different results. These atomic number 18 conceptus cloning (artificial twinning), adult DNA cloning (reproductive cloning) and therapeutic cloning (bio medical cloning). Of these three, therapeutic cloning seems to limit the maximum potential to breed piece (read human cloning). gentle cloning is most aptly set forth as breeding humans for the purpose of harnessing wanders and variety meat from their bodies. Therapeutic cloning begins with the insertion on a human DNA into an ovum. A pre embryo is formed by giving electric shocks to the resultant ovum. The root word cells from the developed pre embryo are then extracted and subsequently provided an suitable environment where they develop into the required tissue or pipe organ. These experiments are yet to micturate any significant results. Once accomplished, the aim of developing organs or tissues which perfect ly match with the recipient will be realized eliminating the fatal risk of rejection because the organ will be based on the recipients genetic material. Human cloning is also expected to chance on new breakthroughs in rejuvenation, heart attack reversals, diabetics, leukemia, genetic disorders and even cancer. Despite the broad spectrum of benefits that human cloning offers, according to a poll, 63% believed that human cloning is against Gods will and 90% considered it to be a bighearted idea (Times, 2001). A Morgan poll conducted during November 2001 found that 70 portion of Australians aged 14 and over O.K. of extracting stem cells from human embryos to treat disease and injury. Seventy percent also believed that couples with excess embryos after asepsis treatment should be able to donate them to research rather than discard them. However, when it came to using a patients have genetic material to create a cloned embryo to be used as a reservoir of stem cells (i.e. therapeut ic cloning), just over half (55 percent) of the respondents approved, with 32 percent disapproving and 13 percent undecided (Morgan Poll, 2001).Animal cloning application as a regular process should be prevented and breeding of humans should also be strongly opposed to maintain the natural uniqueness of each individual (Church of Scotland, 1997). These objections are not absolutely without any reasons. They do have apt explanations and sufficient grounds. Human cloning would produce a gamut of clones with reduced mental abilities and enhanced physical strengths which would make then highly susceptible to exploitation. Producing agent babies with enhanced skills would also lead to an excess of skilled persons thus decreasing the importance of talent and skill. Human cloning may also lead to emotional difficulties in the clone humans life. A child born(p) from his fathers DNA would in effect be a twin of his own father. This can also lead to a high degree of conundrum. There is no g uarantee that human clones would be normal and they readiness even be suffering with life long disabilities. Any minor flaws while incorporating certain characteristics could as well create fictional monsters. Tampering with nature to an

Hacking Attacks on Websites and Mobile Commerce (M-commerce) Crime Essay

Hacking Attacks on Websites and winding Commerce (M-commerce) Crime - Essay ExampleMalwares can be employ to get onto FTPs or web servers, which is to attain useful information like credentials. This information attained by hackers is then further used for cominging the website personal information which only belongs to a companys profile or business. Vulnerability of servers has invited hackers to opening websites secret information. This has also become a major threat for website owners today who provide lavish space for hackers to get in (Rodriguez and Martinez).Likewise cybercrimes, crimes on M-commerce are also on the parallel array of distinction. Due to much dependence of retailers and consumers on M-commerce, big ratios of crimes on M-commerce have come to the sight. Malware provides easy access to mobile hackers especially in phones which carry computer or web applications. Smart phones or I phones are common in such threat as they carry a high exposure for malwares to persist. According to McAfee Inc malwares are approachable to smart phones which are common in use of unit sales trade by the retailers (Woodward).Rodriguez, Chris and Richard Martinez. The Growing Hacking Threat to Websites An Ongoing Commitment to Web Application Security. 2012. www.htbridge.com. 4 October 2012

No need for topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

No pick up for topic - Essay ExampleThe various components of this chapter are highly related with the course content in the sense that Presidential tycoons might impose significant impact on the entire political dodge of the nation. In this regard, American constitution provides Presidents with the powers to frame proposals and develop effective strategies (Ginsberg, Lowi, Weir and Tolbert 492-534).Ginsberg, Lowi, Weir and Tolbert (492-534) state that Presidents have the responsibility to safeguard every state against any kind of assault as well as national violence. Thus, it is quite a vital to understand the powers of Presidents that have extensive influences on various federal aspects of the US (Ginsberg, Lowi, Weir and Tolbert 492-534).Ginsberg, Lowi, Weir and Tolbert (492-534) further stated that although Presidents are somehow unable to introduce any strict legislation and do not let leading role in making law, they count imperative role in other spheres that embarras s budget creation and dealing with key national problems. However, a President can expand his/her power through performing effective management practices. Going public is also regarded as one of the party boss sources of Presidential power. Particularly, in the political system of America, the varied constitutional powers of Presidents have huge role to play in directing the nation towards right path (Ginsberg, Lowi, Weir and Tolbert

Theory and models of peace operations in terms of its legitimacy Research Paper

Theory and models of peace operations in harm of its legitimacy - Research Paper ExampleThe ICC was established as an independent institution that is bound to be independent of other institutions such as the United Nations. With the major view of providing justice across the circuit card the institutions set up has faced abundant challenges1. Major Challenges The challenges regarding the implementation of justice at the international direct can well be discussed by analyzing those institutions mandated to carry the foresaid tasks. There exist major problems faced by these institutions of justice that curtail them in carrying break its important tasks. In this regard any staff engagements at the International Criminal Court from the senior level staff to the junior staff stand queried on the priorities they ought to put in place to make the institution workable. Moreover the court has put examination forward on how it depart be able to deal with the emerging challenges.The grea test limitations faced by the implementers of justice are inadequate reach of jurisdictionand permissibility regime. The capital of Italy polity recognizes the sovereignty of global states. Thus for Rome statute to be exercised to sovereign state the state in question must be a member to the Rome statute. Meaning that institution of the court must be able to exercise verbalize jurisdiction in that particular state.The founders of the Rome statute and the international criminal court innovated two systems of operations2. ... or else unwilling to carry out prosecution or investigation.Another major challenge faced these institution is the commandment of cooperation that must be derived from the member state. As stated above this institution as stipulated by the statute have to recognize and respect the sovereignty of the member states. The institutions lack major facility to carry out its own investigations and hence has solely rely with the member state to furnish them with the r equired set of materials. In this context the institutions continue to reveal majorweakness and are not able to carry out crucial investigations. In addition it not warranted that thestate affected will provide evidence or materials required another austere challenge faced by these institutions is the fact that the member states are widely spread in cost of geographical distance. This fact hampers investigators carry out proper investigation to the impending cases. Many member states countries are rural based and situated making it unsafe and dangerous to carry investigation in the reservation localities. Role of the International Actors in Solving Conflicts The role vie by these institutions is important. In a looseness to gain confidence from the world citizenry, the actors must consolidate their development to efficient and credible institution that will act across international board. It is also paramount that such institutions must show impartiality in the conduct of their mandate. For instance the international criminal court has to proof to the world in conduct it work that its free from political biasness neutral and objective. The most important role that can be played by the actors is giving express powers to the arms of the institution in order to carry out its percentage with utmost authority. For instance the

Competitive and Strategic Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Competitive and Strategic Analysis - Case instruct ExampleA critical analysis of the case shows that disposable income is concentrated in urban atomic number 18as among the warmheartedness class. However, it notify also be noted that this class is comprised of people between the ages of 25 and 40. On the separate hand, it can be seen that Indias population is regarded as one of the youngest in the world. For instance, it has been observed that as of 2000, slightly one the countrys population was below 15 years. Whilst this is the largest group, it can be seen that these people fix less disposable income hence they may not afford the luxury to go to coffee shops. The amount age in India is pegged at 29 comp ard to other countries across the globe. The majority of the people in India ar those soothe working to so they cannot afford to visit coffee shops. This is likely to force on Starbucks campaign to establish business in India. However, Starbucks recently partnered wi th Tata Global Beverages Ltd to open a store in impertinently Delhi. The financial performance of the company in this country is not yet fully ascertained since it is still on the stage of penetrating the market. Apart from being an emerging economy in the world, India faces numerous constraints that are likely to adjust a challenge Starbucks when it intends to enter this market. For instance, country has poor infrastructure and this may collision negatively on Starbucks. The regulations in this country are also stringent such that they may pose a challenge to this company when it plans to penetrate the market. The company should comply with rules and regulations of the country if it intends to successfully launch a business. In case of India, it can be seen that it is open to foreign investors to start business but the conundrum is that some of the regulations may not be favourable to the company. The other problem characterizing global retail big businessman of India is that the industry is not that lucrative compared to other international destinations. As of 2006, India had a score of 55% in terms of risk of opening business there. When there is high risk in a country, it may not be wise for the company to open business in that particular area. Therefore, this may not go down well with Starbucks and this is the reason why it is procrastinating in terms of starting business in this country. The company may experience unprecedented loses if the level of risk is very high. Therefore, it is important to carry erupt feasibility studies in order to establish the level of lucrativeness of the industry. Failure to do so may impact negatively on the company. Indias market is saturated though it is attractive. This entails that contention is very high and it may be difficult for Starbucks to operate viably in this market. It can also be noted that there are other substitute crossroads like tea which are very popular in this country. There are also other bever ages that can be consumed by the customers in place of coffee. When there is stiff competition in the market, it may be difficult to attract many customers during the preliminary stages of the product in the market. However, if the product is well received in the market, it may quickly gain popularity among the customers. This can help the company in the long run but as it stands, it seems that Starbucks is facing numerous challenges that can impact on its feat to penetrate the Indian market. When competition is high, the players in the industry compete for the same customers. Other established companies can

Project mamagemen Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

depict mamagemen - Assignment Example- scarcely the consensus of such best practice is as follows.In order to stay fresh Quality events progressing satisfactorily and resolve any problems on time, there needs to be a deadline which is obligate throughout the project. The tasks assigned in the project under consideration must follow the specified path, that is to register one work product must be delivered before the next. Using a workflow-based system enables the mold Manager to define the project team, assign tasks to the most appropriate team members, and ensure that they are running(a) satisfactorily. Once that task is pick up, the workflow moves the project along to the next person, and so forth. Workflow is the generally authentic way to automate the work products and processes and keep the work going forward.Typically, projects tend to follow a treated of specific patterns, in a away that is analogous to the Design Patterns found in software suppuration - the same pr oject type allow be encountered over the course of normal Quality operations. This will allow the creation of a series of Project Templates that will automatically load deliverables based on the type of event that has been encountered. The best project management tools take the Quality Management data and subsist the deliverables with this data, so a Project Plan related to the specific event under consideration whitethorn be quickly and easily developedAssigning tasks to individuals is one way to manage a project, but more often than not, it comes down to roles. By using roles, that is to say, Quality Manager, Inventory Control, Health & Safety and so forth the ability of the team may be broadened to handle the work products as the project progresses. Such cross-training nub that there will be any number of individuals within the role that can help complete each task within the project removing the risk due to the unavoidable absence of a special(prenominal) individual who can only perform a given

Hotel Rwanda & Death and the Kings Horseman Essay

Hotel Rwanda & Death and the Kings Horseman - audition ExampleMoreover, he is portrayed as one who is selfless ads he risks his own life and that of his family to relieve all the people he has hosted at the hotel.The expected inspection and repair to curb the Rwandan genocide from the white united Nations countries was no forthcoming. The disturbing issue was not addressed with the attention it deserved. It is only after the magnitude of killings was find that world-wide bodies, including the United Nations began to show concern. These white nations did not show the political ambition to stop the walloping that was going on in Rwanda. The Belgian peacekeepers were pulled out from the country after the death of 10 soldiers. The be soldiers, too little to lot the situation, were highly in in force(p). All in all, foreign aid required to manage the horrible situation did not match the magnitude of the murderous spree. It is the neglect by the foreign biotic community that for ced Paul Rusasebagina to pursue use of bribes and favor to keep militias at bay.The call for is very effective is showing the Afri dissolve crisis for what it was. It was a very sensitive situation that needed attention. It shows that the killings were real and the number of deaths was saddening. The film matches historical representation of the situation and gives it a visual feel to demonstrate the extent of horror.The role of international community in Rwanda signifies the initial problems that African countries face while trying to stop the crises. Getting international help takes a lot of time yet the murderous spree continue while decisions to help are still being discussed at a snails speed. Hotel Rwanda shows that some white nations remove chauvinistic tendencies towards African countries as demonstrated in delay of peacekeeping and humanitarian aid. Before these nations can consolidate their decisions, the African disasters blow out of proportion. Consequently, they prese nt the sent aid with difficulties in managing the crisis. This is an observed apparent movement

Utilization Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Utilization caution - Essay ExampleConcurrent recitation however has certain strengths as well as about impuissancees. The strengths of the simultaneous workout review pertain to the fact that the concurrent utilization review discharge play up the differences and discrepancies that exit in the contrary business processes across an industry. Moreover the concurrent utilization theory can overly highlight the responsibility and accountability factor in the different processes and how it is being handled by the different firms. (Schlesinger & Gray, 1997) The other advantage of the concurrent approach for utilization review is that multiple entities can be well and comprehensively reviewed in terms of their workflows and utilization strategies. The effect of the different firms and their strategies for operation and utilization can also be studies through the concurrent utilization review. As a result the master autonomy of the arrangement is clearly depicted in a comparativ e manner, enabling the reviewer to cross check and canvas the results with the review of other similar firms in the same industry.Conclusively it can be depicted that triplet strengths of the concurrent utilization rev... The reasons that justify this selection of strengths of the concurrent review for utilization pertain to the fact that professional autonomy and effects of accountability are specially and clearly depicted by the concurrent utilization review. They are the most important element ion any business, specifically in the medical field as in the subject case study. The analysis of the work flow and business processes for utilization as per the utilization review helps the end user in linking responsibility and autonomy to the different actors and the functions in the business process. 2. secernate two weaknesses of concurrent utilization review which you believe to be a significant issue. Discuss how the weakness has been compensated for, if at all, and your opinion a s to whether you believe it may just eventually compromise the benefits of concurrent utilization review. The main objective of the concurrent utilization review is to make sure that the peoples/ patients in the inpatients as well as the outpatients function or departments have to stay the minimum required and needed cadence in the facility. This is to ensure that the other patients waiting in line for service and attention can be providing the medical care facility in the hospital and medical centers without congestion and lack of service feeling in the facility and aid provided to them. This basically means that the workflow for the incoming and the treatment of the patients has to be managed and use in order to ensure that all customers get a standardized form of treatment in the medical facility. As mentioned earlier this is one of the main strengths of the concurrent utilization review. The weakness of

Terri Schiavo Court Cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Terri Schiavo court of law Cases - Essay ExampleMany argue that it might have been, but then there were many a(prenominal) arguments in this case. Not all of them were ethical or logical, and not all of them played out in court. The story of Terri Schiavo is so much more tragic than people stop to realize. When a situation is so easily preventable, how does it get so terribly out of hand, and how are even the most basic decisions of thrill handled? The bottom line, Terri Schiavo should have been alive today, and possibly even alive and well.Terri Schiavo suffered a cardiac arrest due(p) to an eating disorder on February 25th, 1990. She was without oxygen for several minutes and then lapsed into a lethargy. Her coma then evolved into a Permanent vegetive State. For fifteen forms, she remained in that state, until her feeding tube was finally remote for the last time on March 18th, 2005. She died thirteen days later, ending a fifteen year battle with so many players, and yet s o few concrete, satisfactory, answers (Quill, 2005).Terri Schiavo was in a Permanently Vegetative State, also known as PVS. age experts tried to argue that she was in a Minimally apprised State (MCS), at her autopsy, it was confirmed that she had been in a PVS. The difference between the two conditions is slight. Those patients who are in a PVS are unaware of self and environment they may make gestures, sounds, and eye movements. These behavior, however are involuntary. People in a MCS are aware of self and environment, but can only extract it so much. They cannot speak, but their gestures, eye movements, and vocalizations are a deliberate attempt to communicate with those around them (Winslade, 2007). While Schiavos state was considered irreversible, there is much more that may have been learned from her had she survived. Studies have shown that well-nigh patients in a PVS can regain some level of consciousness. Some may live for decades in a PVS and begin to recover some consc iousness. Simply put, it really is impossible to say

Organizational Culture Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Culture Analysis - Research writing ExampleThe presence of continues disagreements on the shared values or lack of commitment by the provide members is a sign of weak organizational culture and it is usually not healthy for any disposed(p) company.Some of the strongest values that the employees of the company that I worked for termed, as being important to them are that of honesty, trust, quality doing, and punish amongst others. Consistency is one of the primary values that the employees viewed as being most important (Baack, 2012). Consistency in the duties that we performed in the company accompanied by a high degree of precision together direct to an improvement in the general performance and production of the company.The behavior of each and every employee acting as a role model for the other also acted as a strong culture that helped in the smooth running if the organization. The above culture helped in making the employees be responsible for whatever expl oit they did in the company (Baack, 2012). Being responsible tends to reduce the conflicts between the management and the employees themselves that in turn atomic number 82 to strong relationships between the parties. The result of this was improved production.Another key culture that existed in the company is that of tutelage to details that lead to the creation of a very strong production culture with lots of accuracies. In this value, the employees paid full attention in the process of production. The process then ensured that quality was achieved and at the aforementioned(prenominal) time, the deadlines for production were met too. The production of high-quality goods was another organizational culture that governed our work in the company (Baack, 2012). Each employee was supposed(a) to work in his or her line of production while ensuring that the full production procedures were followed to ensure the production of high-quality products. The employees were given the opportun ity to start or stop the production process if they noticed any error in the production line

Risk Impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk Impact - Essay ExampleOur target was to get food items as nearly as money that we would take to the animals. Unfortunately, we had not set a target for ourselves, neither were we aware of the quash of animals that were available in the come to. Therefore, we ended up receiving much more. We were curious and excited and never bothered to bearing at the expiry date. Actually, we were never aware whether it was a consideration when purchasing animal food. The food would kick the bucket after three months resulting in a huge loss.The jeopardize in this case was that of expiry. It was necessary to train that we fed the animals for the longest judgment of conviction possible. However, our consideration of the potential risk never clicked in our minds. In addition, we never thought of disposing some of the food in other centers where some other animals would benefit. The authorities at the center were equally unconscious(predicate). They realized when it was too late that the food was going bad. The risk was costly, it made us atone on the reason why we never weighed all the necessary precautions before engaging in the activity.This risk gave back to another risk some of the animals had been fed with some of the spoilt food. The food became smelly do the staff to realize. The fact that food expiry takes more than six months made the staff to remain unaware on the situation. It was clear that the donated food had overstayed in the shelves hence it took only three months before it expired. Therefore, there was a risk that the animals could fall ill as a result of food contamination.Through the project, we drew a number of lessons. The first thing was to be very keen and observant when undertaking a attached project. The other thing is that it is important to develop a plan of what the project entails including all the pros and cons. The next time we visited the place we opted to mobilize funds that would enable us buy them food.

Artificial Heart, History and Function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Artificial Heart, History and Function - turn up ExampleArtificial Heart, History and FunctionThis prompted Dayton of Ohio to develop a polymer that would be accepted by the tree trunk of a human being. July 3, 1952, a successful substance surgery was done by use of the mechanized heart acting as a substitute during the operations. That was at the Harper University Hospital, Wayne State University in Michigan, USA. A machine called Dodrill-GMR was used during the operations success. The doctors in operation, Dr. Forest Dewey Dodrill and Dr. Matthew Dudley noted that this was the commencement exercise operation that an artificial machine had fully replaced the functions of the heart during an operation.This discovery did set the pace for other inventions and experiments in the same field. In 1949, Yale school doctors, William Glenn and William Sewell made a pre cursor to this artificial heart-pump that was seen to bypass the heart of a dog for more than one hour. Many other inven tions convey followed since these discoveries were made. This created discoveries both in the USA and in other places all over the world leading to the now fully functional artificial heart. Patients eligible for receiving these hearts are those whose hearts are on the verge of collapsing due to a collection of problems associated with heart failures. The main disadvantage of these hearts is that they do not operate like the natural hearts where they have to be powered making the user to lack ability to continue with active life.

Integumentary System Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Integumentary scheme - Lab Report ExampleThis occurs after the neuron has reached action potential and it is the time that is necessary out front the neuron is ready to stimulate the movement of ions for another galvanic charge. There are two contrary kinds of refractory periods absolute and relative. Absolute refractory periods are when it is impossible to initiate another transmission of galvanizing charge after action potential is reached. Relative refractory periods are which transmission of another electrical charge is inhibited, but it is not impossible to initiate. There are three different states in which neurons moldiness exist in order to produce neural communication depolarization, repolarization and hyperpolarization. Depolarization is when the inside of the cell becomes much increasingly positive as ions move in and out. If there is enough movement of ions to create a large change in electrical potential, action potential will result. Repolarization occurs after d epolarization and action potential have occurred. During this, ions move back into the cell which causes it to be controvert again. Hyperpolarization is when the cell becomes increasingly negative which can inhibit action potential from being reached which inhibits the cell from transmitting an electrochemical signal.

Incident Response, Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Plans Case Study

Incident Response, Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Plans - Case Study warningIn addition, it is excessively compulsory to identify assets that may not limit to employees, information, hardware/network devices, financials, sound counsel, security and locations for facilitating BCP. The BCP increases the image of an organization among the employees, shareholders and consumers through representing a positive approach. Importantly, an effective BCP recognizes the link between clement and assets. 15Organizations are always at prob up to(p) catastrophe for instances tornadoes, floods, blizzards, earthquakes and fire mishaps. However these are cognize natural disasters but other risks include power and energy distractions, sabotage, cyber assaults, hackers, infrastructure, transportation and security failure. Moreover, ecological disasters for precedent pollution and harmful materials spills are also a possible risk for organizations. Therefore, generating BCP ensures any org anization is able to resolve any of the above crises. 16The data related to the services or the goods that need to be delivered can be obtained through the mission statement of the organization. Moreover, the legal and delivering specifications of the products or the services can also be achieved via mission statement. The objective of the IT surgical incision states mission-critical functions and services for the organization. (this is my own constructed mission statement) 16As the I.T department has not implemented a risk management and I.T service management framework, we were not able to summon the required answers. (I have assumed these requirements, as there is no case study) 17The additional expenses essential be determined if the functions or procedures related to the business are untreatable. Moreover, this should also be taken into musing that for the duration of time the functions can be operated without the hiring of additional staff. Similarly, the government regulat ionsregarding the fines, penalties, breaches must be determined and factored into the BCP budget. peril management framework address risks that can be mitigated, transferred, void or accepted.

External Forces that have brought Cross boarder restructuring in the Essay

External Forces that have brought Cross boarder restructuring in the airline industry - Essay exampleThe cause of this crisis was the increase in the fuel prices as in the worse economic fiasco face up by many nations across the globe. This led to the falling down in demand of fuel in USA and Britain. Breaking out of Gulf War saw many airlines shutting their business down, among these were the easterly Airlines -US, British airline Air Europe, Pan American and a few smaller airlines like Midway-US and teatime in Belgium.The end of Gulf War was not any better for any of these airlines. From the worlds top-20 airlines only British Airways, Cathay, SIA (Singapore Airlines) and Swissair made a net surplus in each of the three days 1991-1993. The worst hand was the North-American airlines on the contrary many Asian airlines functioned beneficially.Many airlines needed huge capitals to survive in those categorys among them was Air France. The member states of the European Union receiv ed US $ 10.4 billion in state tutelage in the year 1995. This was government support offered following authorization by the European Commission. In 1997, Alitalia was disposed(p) $ 1.7 billion of state aid. Several Airlines received government funds about $ 1.3 billion that were not classified advertisement as state support. Subsequently, in 1994 and the years to follow, with financial prudence a number of airlines returned to stipulate phylogenesis and gain profits. Generally, this was the time when a boom occurred in the airline business. In addition, 1998 was the most lucrative year ever. (Doganis, 2001)By and large, joblessness in the New York state remains towering, at 7.4 percent, and current statistics illustrate that more or less 40 percent of those laid off subsequent to 9/11 are however jobless. Even though billions of dollars in centralized support have been billed to help the airlines affected by the rebellious assault, removed airline employees have by and large be en unsuccessful to profit up

RSS feed Mobile Archive Search Ask me anything Submit Essay Example for Free

RSS feed Mobile Archive Search Ask me anything Submit EssayThe Filipino air passages ( chum up) is the national airway of the Philippine and Asias first airline. Philippine Airlines has been the dominant air carrier in the Philippines since its creation in 1941. Philippine Airlines rebranded itself as Asias sunniest airline to cap its new marketing and advertizing trust.We have identified the three (3) major(ip) competitors of Philippine Airlines which are Cebu Pacific, Cathay Pacific and Zest Airlines.Our recommended schema for Philippine Airlines is Product development strategy this includes providing more services to attract the customer as considerably as improving the products and services that they offer to gain more profit and to satisfy the customers. Many airline companies offer pooh-pooh fares to gather customers. We suggest that PAL focus on differentiation by making their customers experience the class of fly balling to remind them the pleasure of taking pas sage in the skies. This strategy testament require large employee training in proper etiquette and quality service, to ensure the portrayed brand visualize lines up with the experience of customers. Second to our priority is increasing the number of salespersons, increasing advertising expenditures, offering extensive sales promotion items, or increasing publicity efforts to enhance market share especi onlyy for the local anesthetic flights.The Philippine Airlines must know the strengths and weakness of the management for the strategists to know what things to improve and maintain. Based on the provide of the competitive profile matrix, Philippine Airlines fall behind the Cebu Pacific and this is due to the fall of its local flight segment. Garnering a decrease of total market share from 50% in May 2009 to 35.4% in upstart December of 2009According to the SPACE Matrix that Philippine Airlines is financially a strong company that has achieved major competitive advantages in a g rowing and stable manufacture. Market Development, Product Development, and Horizontal integration is the fit strategy that croupe be used by PAL.In the Boston Consulting Group Matrix, the Philippine Airline is in the position of star because Philippine Airline remains stable with the market growth and continues to be successful in the field of airline industry. PAL is in the quadrant II that represents the organizations best long-run opportunities for growth and profitability. Horizontal Integration is appropriate strategies for these divisions to consider. PAL should cast upd control everywhere their competitor and take everywheres among competitors allow for increased economies of sale and enhanced transfer of resources and competencies.Base on the internal- external matrix of Philippine Airline that the company should hold and maintain. The company should pursue Intensive (market penetration and product development) strategies which jackpot be the best and some appropriat e things to do.With the standard of living of Filipino is improving piecemeal as well as the increase in tourism industry and lot of Filipino workers go foreign airline industry is stably increase, that is why given the rapid market growth of the airline industry. Philippine Airlines is in an excellent strategic position, for Philippine Airlines, concentration on product development is an appropriate strategy in terms of the specific circumstances that face the company.II. COMPANY PROFILEThe airline was founded on February 26, 1941 by a group of businessmen led by Andres Soriano, hailed as one of the Philippines leading industrialists at the time, who served as its general manager, and former Senator Ramon Fernandez, who served as its chairman and president. The airline, headquartered in the Philippine National Bank Financial mall in Pasay City, was founded in 1941 and is the oldest commercialized airline in Asia operating under its original name. Out of its hubs at Ninoy Aquin o International Airport of manila and Mactan-Cebu International Airport of Cebu City, Philippine Airlines serves nineteen destinations in the Philippines and twenty-four destinations in southeasterly Asia, East Asia, Australia, Canada and the United States.Formerly one of the largest Asiatic airlines, PAL was severely affected by the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. In what was believed to be one of the Philippines biggest corporate failures, PAL was forced to downsize its international trading operations by completely cutting operations to Europe and eventually Southwest Asia, cutting virtually all domestic services excluding routes operated from Manila, reducing the size of its fleet and terminating the jobs of thousands of employees. The airline was placed under receivership in 1998, gradually restoring operations to many of the destinations it formerly serviced. PAL exited receivership in 2007 with ambitious plans to further restore services to its previously-serviced destinatio ns, as well as diversify its fleet.Philippine Airlines is the only airline in the Philippines to be accredited with the IOSA (IATA in operation(p) Safety Audit) by the International Air Transport Association and has been awarded a 3-star rating by Skytrax.1. frugal ForcesIn 1997, Philippine Airlines rebranded itself as Asias sunniest airline to cap its new marketing and advertising thrust. In addition to its re-fleeting program, Philippine Airlines commenced service to New York City (using Newark Liberty International Airport) via Vancouver. However, this caused the airline to be financially unstable, having acquired too many aircraft while matching them to unprofitable routes. The re-fleeting program was about halfway through when the lavish impact of the Asian financial crisis struck the airline industry early in 1998. By a only if 31, 1997, at the end of the 1996-1997 monetary years, Philippine Airlines had reported its largest annual loss of P8.08 billion.PAL shareholders a pproved a quasi-reorganization plan, reducing the par valueof PAL shares to P0.20 from P0.80 per share. It will in addition increase its authorized capital standard from P16 billion to P20 billion divided into 100 billion shares at P0.20 per share.Philippine Airlines income annual report showed an increase in revenues to US$1.634 billion, from US$1.504 billion the previous year, after carrying 17% more passengers due to erudition of additional aircraft and growth in the domestic market.However, the cost of operating more flights, which involved higher living expense and compounded by record-high fuel prices, raised expenses to US$1.9 billion, from US$1.539 billion the previous year. give notice comprised 44% of Philippine Airlines income operating expenses.When the global crisis led to a travel slump in the latter(prenominal) intermit of the year, PALs passenger load factor fell to an average of 76.2%, three points lower than the previous year.PAL also reported paid US$165. 4 million in principal and affaire to its creditors, bringing to US$2.4 billion the total paid from March 1999 to March 2009. Total assets decreased by US$60.6 million to US$1.971 billion, while total liabilities rose by US$239.5 million over the previous year.With the protracted recession, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) said its member-airlines are bracing for US$9 billion in total combined losses by the end of the current fiscal year.2.1 Social forcesThe Philippine airlines conduct a promo for there passenger especially who belong to there membership. They tramp earn land miles points in every board with the code share spouses (air Macau, Cathy pacific ,emirates, etihad , Malaysia airlines and other airlines that belong to that agreement. they also earn miles point in staying hotels around the Philippines and worldwide. example they can earn point rates modify amidst 250 and 500 miles per stay in hotel. The points they earn can be donated to UNICEF or in PAL Foundation. Security control is a significant contri exceptor to service quality, but service is underperformed in terms of efficiency, relative to passengers desired levels. Security needs to follow a similar pattern to safety. It is already part of IOSA, but Im sure more can be done to formalize industry requirements. IATA and the various agencies around the world must find ways to harmonize security requirements.It is essential for the passenger experience, and it is essential for airlines. It would simplify operations considerably.At the same time, it is clear that security is a government responsibility. They should be paying for the majority of measures, especially at the airport. But airlines must show willingness too, and play their part. We can look again at security onboard the aircraft. Boarding -Airlines use a number of different group/zone embarkment systems or boarding rules, the idea (there are numerous variations) it is significant to service quality. In-flight service is something that makes the passenger commodious and relaxes while they are on board.2.2 Cultural forcesPhilippine Airlines (PAL) is the national flag carrier of the Philippines and the first and oldest commercial airline in Asia. It began operations in 1941 by making one flight daily between Manila and Baguio. From its main hub at Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila, Philippine Airlines now flies to 18 destinations in the Philippines and serves 26 destinations in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia, Canada and the United States. Mabuhay Miles is the Philippine Airlines frequent flyer program.It was establish in 2002 by merging all existing PAL frequent flyer programs prior to the Asian financial crisis namely, PALsmiles, the Mabuhay Club and the Flying Sportsman, with PALsmiles and Mabuhay Club members being moved to the new program on venerable 1, 2002. The Flying Sportsman program was subsequently transformed into SportsPlus, a three-tiered, subscription-base d program which gives extra baggage allocations for sports equipment on PAL flights, aimed specifically at golfers, bowlers, scuba divers, tennis and badminton players, anglers and cyclists.The SportsPlus program is available only to Mabuhay Miles base members, as Mabuhay Miles members on higher membership tiers automatically receive SportsPlus privileges. Mabuhay Miles members earn miles that can be redeemed at face value on most Philippine Airlines-operated flights, as well as on code-shared routes of partner airlines. Some promotional fares and all flights operated by Airphil Express, however, are ineligible to earn miles. Miles may also be earned by patronizing the services of Mabuhay Miles partners, or by purchasing miles. Membership tiers include Mabuhay Miles Base, Elite, agiotage Elite and Million Miler.2.3 Environmental ForcesIn recent years, much attention has been given to the role of railcar emissions in climate change. But air travelwhich has been rebounding since 9/1 1is equally damaging to the climate, per mile of travel. Flight is one of the most fuel-guzzling forms of passenger transportation. Airplanes fuel use (and resulting emissions of carbon dioxide), per passenger and per mile, is almost as heavy as driving alone. Beyond their emissions of carbon dioxide, aircraft release other gases that have disproportionate but short-term effects on our planets climate. And data suggest that north westerners fly more passenger miles per capita than residents of most other states. Carbon dioxide has the same effects on the climate no matter when or where it is injected into the atmosphere. But other aircraft emissions-such as nitrogen oxides-have potent, climate-changing effects because of the elevation at which they are released. Over the short term, they more than double the effects of the CO2 alone Over time, these other pollutants disappear, but the carbon dioxide remains aloft capturing heat for decades.These short-term climate-altering effects o f air travel are concentrated, along with the residents of affluent nations, in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere, which includes the Pacific Northwest.The airline industries are responsible for about 11% of glasshouse gases emitted by the transportation sector. An aircraft engine contributes a global warming and global dimming even though it is to the lowest degree polluting forms of travel in the world. The rapid growth of air travel in recent years can contributes to increase the total pollution attributed to aviation and the reduction of achieved automobiles. The jet fuel can burned per passenger on a average 3200 kilometers airline flight about 353 kilograms.2.4 Demographic ForcesThe population of the Philippines was 88.57 million hatful as of August, 2007. The 2009 projected population is 92.23 million people. This is an inflation rate of +1.5%. The 2008 population was 90.348.437, making it the 12th most populated country in the world. The Republic of the Philipp ines is an archipelagic nation located off the coast of Southeast Asia.Filipinos are descended from Austronesia people from Taiwan over a thousand years ago. The Aboriginal inhabitants consist of the Ati and Aetas, referred to as Negritos. Most of the country is comprised of Malayo-Polynesian heathenish groups including, the Tagalog, Visayans, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Bicolano, Moro, Pangasinense, Igorot, Lumad Ibanag, Mangyan, Badjao, Ivatan, and Palawan tribes.There is a significant group of other ethnic descendants including the Spanish, British, American, Japanese and Chinese due to the Spanish colonization and Americation occupation after World warfare II. These intermarried descendants are referred to as Filipino mestizos There are Twelve major regional languages for each one with over one million speakers Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Waray-Waray, Tausug, Bikol, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Kinaray-a, Maranao, Maguindanao and Hiligaynon. English and Spanish were both imposed on the c ountry as official languages at one time in its history, so the languages can still be to a great extent felt within the country.The airlines first flight took place on March 15, 1941 with a single Beech craft Model 18 NPC-54 on daily services between Manila (from Nielson Field) and Baguio. On July 22, the airline acquired the franchise of the Philippine Aerial Taxi Company. Government investment in folk paved the way for its nationalization. PAL owns 30 Airbus aircraft and four Bombardier airplanes. The airline has also reconfigured its in-flight service to include first, business, and economy classes. PAL additionally offers flights to India and China, both among the worlds fastest-growing travel markets. The carrier offers almost 30 each week flights to US destinations. In 2008 the company launched its low fare carrier unit, PAL Express, which serves mostly domestic island destinations.

Climate Change Essay Example for Free

Climate Change Essay immediately we cig bet not question the realism of the mood deepen because the evidences of its effects to nature are already manifesting. The melting of the ice in north pole the hurri potes this past years the recurring drought radical weather changes the rising of sea levels and, the strong typhoons are only a few of these evidences. Even if we sojourn to ignore the threats associated with humor change, we can not deny nor alter the fact that its really happening. in spite of the global buzz about modality change and its consequences, many individuals are still unaware of this phenomenon.So what then is mood change? How does it affect the satellite we are living in? What can we do to compose this problem? Giving light to these aforementioned questions is the aim of this part of my paper. The climate of the earth is forever changing but these changes are minimal and are often due(p) to natural etiologies. However, recently the activities of glo be have brought about rigorous alterations in the earths climate. The recognition of these alterations of the earths climate led to the establishment of the climate change phenomenon.Today, the term climate change is used to refer to the large modifications of the earths climate due to human activities. Climate change is the alteration in the formula pattern of the weather of an area over a period of time. This phenomenon is the manifestation of the irregular deviations from the usual climate inside the atmosphere of the Earth as intumesce as its effects on the different components of this planet like the ice caps. The period of time involved in climate change can deepen from a few years to millions of years (GreenFacts).Climate change is brought about by the amplified concentration of greenhouse gases like deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide (carbonic acid gas), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) in the atmosphere. CO2 is the greenhouse gas that is abundantly released in to the earths atmosphere. The soaring levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere prevent the normal implement of solar pushing memory board in the earths atmosphere as well as its reflection back to the station (outside earths atmosphere). In short, these so called greenhouse gases causes vex from the sun (solar energy) to be trapped inside the earths atmosphere increasing the normal temperature of the earth (GreenFacts).The greenhouse gases that are significant factors in the occurrence of the climate change phenomenon are electric arcs of human activities like fossil fuel burning for energy purposes forests burn-offs and, change in the usage of land. The burning of fossil fuels is the primary reason for the presence of extensively high carbon dioxide levels in the earths atmosphere. Prior to the start of human utilization of fossil fuels the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere was 280 parts per million (ppm). However, at present the CO2 concentration is elevat ed to 390 ppm.Each year the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere increases by 1-2 ppm (GreenFacts). The consequences of climate change imply the following increasing saltwater levels melting of snow and ice in the mountains and polar regions increasing occurrences of heat waves drought changes in the wind patterns ocean salinity escalating intensity of tropical cyclones and, heavy precipitation. The climate change has enormous impact on the lives of humans and animals the infrastructures and, the environment.The production of food is highly affected by climate change and can cause intensive hunger in many of the worlds universe of discourse if not palliate. Various ecosystems have been destroyed such as coral reefs due to warming of the seawater mangroves affected by drought or soil erosion and, plant and animal species lost due to forest fires. The occurrence of more disease epidemics and malnutrition are likely if extensive action is delayed. In dress to stop climate change, t he greenhouse gas emissions should be decreased to significant levels if not eradicated.In pipeline with this goal, motley countries have instituted policies regarding the lowering greenhouse gases release into the atmosphere. There are policies that were agreed upon and adapted by various countries but the individual countries around the world showed varied efforts in handling this problem. II. Potential policies that can reference book climate change There are many potential policies that can be instituted to alleviate the harmful effects of climate change and in this paper three policies give be discussed.These policies are transportation efficiency biofuels utilization and, carbon capture from coal role plants. transferral efficiency is a significant form _or_ system of government to alleviate the climate change dilemma. This is because the transportation heavens (which includes passenger cars, aviation, rail thoroughfare transport vehicles, and navigation) mainly util ize petroleum product fuels that is a considerable source of carbon dioxide emission. deportation efficiency policy focuses on increasing the diversity of fuels utilized and upholding the effectiveness of the transport systems.This policy can reduce the CO2 emission through the following strategies promoting the usage of fuel efficient vehicles lowering the way vehicle jamming promotion of mass transit systems and, advancing the efficiency of existing vehicles (Barry et. Al. , 2008). The lessening of passage vehicle jamming will have a significant impact on the CO2 emission reduction because vehicles stuck in traffic jams continuously combusts fuel and release CO2 in the atmosphere. Thus, smooth alley travels mean deduction in the fuel utilization and also decrease in the emission of CO2. other aspect that will be promoted in the transportation efficiency policy is the passengers great usage of light rail transport. Light rail transport systems utilize other forms of energy pro ducing mechanism in their operations which delegacy less fuel combustion and less CO2 emission. Since the transportation welkin is among the primary emitters of CO2 in the atmosphere The term biofuel refers to renewable energy sources that are produced from biomass (crops purposely ingrained for biofuels production or plant materials from agricultural and industry wastes).The usage of biofuel as source of energy gained popularity because of its renewable nature. It is widely known as a solution to the diminishing fossil fuel supply. Recently though biofuel is considered as potential solution to the reduction of CO2 emission in relation to the alleviation of climate change. Thus, biofuels utilization policy does not only benefit the economy but most significantly it will benefit the environment. Biofuels usage aides in the lowering of CO2 in the atmosphere through substitution the fossil fuels as energy sources and absorption of CO2 present in the atmosphere.The latter occurs whe n crops are purposely planted to be used as biofuel materials. Plants absorb atmospheric CO2 for their growth. Thus planting biofuel crops means absorption and reduction of atmospheric CO2. Also, the production of biofuels from biomass does not produce significant amounts of CO2 (U. S. Department of Energy, 1999). The various roles that biofuels can play in the reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere verify the significance of biofuels policy in combating climate change.The coal power plants are also among the significant emitters of CO2 in the atmosphere. In United States alone, coal power plants contribute to 85 percent of the greenhouse gases released by the power sphere (Geman et. al. ). Despite the high CO2 emission of coal power plants, it is still continuously used as the primary source of energy in countries like U. S. because no alternative energy source has to date been able to surpass its economic benefits. The high CO2 emission of coal power plants can be solved by the imple mentation of carbon capture policy.The installation of carbon capture system in coal power plants has been done in various countries. Among the pioneers of carbon capture system usage is the Elsam coal-fired power plant in Esbjerg, Denmark. The usage of carbon capture system among coal power plants can greatly reduce the carbon emission into the atmosphere without compromising the price of the electricity. III. The best policy option to address climate change In my point of view, the best policy option is transportation efficiency.This is because the realization of this policys goals will not only help in the reduction of carbon dioxide release in the atmosphere but will also ease the travel experience of passengers reduce the transportation be and, safeguard public health. The transportation sector is the third major emitter of CO2 in the atmosphere. Thus, ensuring that the transport sector emits significantly reduced amounts of CO2 is equivalent to decreasing a huge percentage of the total CO2 emission.The transportation efficiency policy though has a high complex nature because it encompasses infrastructures like roadway and light rail stations vehicle manufacturing traffic regulations and, fuel policies like alternative fuels. The complexity of these strategies needful for the transportation efficiency policy implementation though is worth all the effort because of this policys vast benefits. The dilemma on climate change though can not be alleviated by the implementation of only one policy.The complexity of this problem necessitates the execution of various policies and strategies as well as cooperation of all the nations around the world. Even though some countries already practice methodologies to combat this problem, if other countries will not reduce their greenhouse gases emissions the problem will continue to get worse. A incorporate action the nations of the world is needed to significantly resolve climate change.Works CitedBarry, J. and Allen, A. M. Survey of Policies and Programs that Promote Fuel-Efficient Transport in APEC Economies. 2008.Alliance to Save Energy. 25 March 2009. Geman, B. and Gronewold, N. Coal-Fired Power Plants Will Need Better Carbon appropriate and Storage Technology. Scientific American. 25 March 2009 http//www. sciam. com/article. cfm? id=coal-fired-power-plants-carbon-capture Greenfacts. Scientific Facts on Climate Change. 2007. IPCC. 25 March 2009. http//www. greenfacts. org/en/climate-change-ar4/climate-change-ar4-greenfacts-level2. pdf U. S. Department of Energy. Biofuels A Solution for Climate Change. September 1999. http//www. nrel. gov/docs/fy99osti/24052. pdf

Individual Assignments from the Readings Essay Example for Free

Individual Assignments from the Readings Essay2- Define the distinctions in the midst of primary, utility(prenominal), and 3rd sources in a secondary search uncomplicated source as stated is original entropy. Primary source is based in incidents from the epoch period involved and have non been filtered through commentary or evaluation. Therefore, primary sources is considerate the root of original materials on which other look for is based, the first orchis appearance of results in physical, print or electronic format. Primary sources present original ideas and thoughts, report a discovery, or conduct new information. subaltern sources ar considerer less important than primary sources. utility(prenominal) Resources are material written after the fact that provides point of views of hindsight. The fact is that are interpretations and evaluations coming of primary sources.Secondary sources are not original materials, but quite a opinions on and discussion of evidenc e in such information. According with the text, secondary search is easy to interpret as a tertiary source as well. Tertiary sources conduct an synopsis of material which is a distillation and compilation of primary and secondary sources. Generally, rest in a summary of information provided with own point of view of such materials 3- What problems of secondary data quality must interrogationers face? How eject they deal with them? The fact is that in some cases is vital to alive(predicate) of the problems that can arise with secondary research so if it is that case the researcher will be fitting to work with these problems.Secondary search is in more cases the only material that a researcher can find on certain information therefore, for a researcher this issue can have make headway problems and consequences putting together a new project as well. The problems of secondary data quality that a researcher must face is verifying and determining the value of the secondary sour ces the researcher would like to social function (Cooper Schindler, 2006). Researchers who use secondary sources must make their best efforts to verify the accuracy of the information.On the other, hand, is a fact that all sources need to be cited appropriately in a paper, even if they are only secondary in nature. For example, a researcher who cites an article about a political grammatical case should dig further to verify the information. To do this they may need to get primary source data of the politic event. It may not be the primary data to verify secondary data in research, but all(prenominal) effort must be made in order to prove the credibility of the sources being employ in any research effectively.Chapter 7 Discussion Questions1- How does qualitative research differ from quantitative research? Generally, can be some researchers who feel that one is better than the other. A major struggle between the two is that qualitative research is inductive and quantitative res earch is deductive. Quantitative research differs on mo or quantities. Quantitative studies have results that are based on numeric analysis and statistics. In many another(prenominal) cases, these studies have many participants. Perhaps is not abnormal that has there to be over a grand piano people in a quantitative research study. It is exhaustively to have a large number of participants because this gives analysis more statistical accurately. Qualitative research studies are based on differences in quality, rather than differences in quantity.Results are in words or pictures rather than numbers. Qualitative studies usually have less participants than quantitative studies because the depth of the data collection does not allow for large numbers of participants. It important to bring up that both, quantitative and qualitative studies have strengths and weaknesses, a particular strength of quantitative research is that statistical analysis allows for generalization to others. The goal of quantitative research is to choose a sample that closely resembles the population. Qualitative research does not seek to choose samples that are representative of populations and this make a considerable difference in both.2- How do data from qualitative research differ from data in quantitative research? information from qualitative research and quantitative research differs in many ways. When conducting research there will be a time when you have to decide between the use of qualitative and quantitative research. consciousness the differences in data that is gathered from these resources will help you decide what type of research you will need to use. genuine subtracted from qualitative research can contain different uses because the researcher can use as many knowledge as searcher can during research to adjust the data extracted from the next participant (Cooper Schindler, 2006, Ch. 8).Although, this event influences the details of the data obtained by the researc h effectively, allowing data and research to condense through obtained information properly. In quantitative research identical data is desired from all participants, so evolution of methodology is not acceptable (Cooper Schindler, 2006, Ch. 8). Quantitative requires specific data to be retrieved at all time, and qualitative research allows for change. This difference also impacts the way that data from these research methods will be interpreted and analyzed. 5- Assume you are a manufacturer of small kitchen electrics, like Hamilton Beach/Proctor Silex, and you want to determine if some innovative designs with erratic shapes colors developed for the European market could be successful marketed in the U.S. market. What qualitative research would you recommend, and why?For this event, is good idea to suggest a focus group so doing that may collect information from a wide variety of participants regarding specific question (Henderson, 2009). Is important that to be sure that it has a good cross-section of people to be in the group and that their observations are honest and not biased in any way. This task may be difficult, but necessary to give it an honest try. In addition, by affirming theories to compile trough what people say and do, qualitative research is not based accusing of dire theories upon participants.Is therefore, by maintaining detailed records of what its said and of what happens qualitative research does not limit the complexity of social feeling to anybody can manipulated equations. Rather than skating on the surface of everyday life, its close contact and detailed put down allows the research to glimpse beneath the polished rhetoric, or the plausible deceits it is able to take more time to focus upon the smaller yet powerful processes which other methods gloss over or ignore (Schostak, 2009). In additionReferencesUniversity Libraries, University of Maryland (2010) Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sources, retrieved from http//www.lib.umd.ed u/guides/primary-sources.htmltertiary on January 20, 2013 Cooper, D. R., Schindler, P. S. (2006). Business Research Methods (th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill retrieved on January 20, 2013 Henderson, N. (2009) Managing Moderator Stress Take a Deep Breath. You Can Do This. Marketing Research, Vol. 21 Issue 1, p28-29. Schostak, J.F. (2002) Understanding Designing and Conducting Qualitative Research in Education Framing the Project Open University Press Ganty, S. (2010) Problems with Secondary Data Research and How to Deal with It from http//www.associatedcontent.com/article/5771198/problems_with_secondary_data_research_pg2.html?cat=3 Retrieved on January 20, 2013

Managing Change Essay Example for Free

Managing Change EssayAn investor should be benefited from the gimmick plan the benefits overwhelm profits, trade development, utilization of resources and jobs. The investors forget be interested to invest in the project tho when there are accurate forecasts that would provide big end point benefits. The construction application is advancedly uncertain, and there is a possibility of risk. As the risks influence the profits, it is important to anticipate the assumption of risks and be calculated into a feasibleness analysis and this would avoid the risks for the benefit of the investor. Firmansyah, 2006). Construction assiduity has many choreatic issues in the fall in Kingdom and majority of the capers have been the direct consequences of the decisions taken by the professionals of the construction industry, and the monetary institutions. Project feasibleness m engage enables optimization to provide the profits. The place contain will advise some changes to be sufficient for the feasibleness of the construction project. Problem statementConstruction industry in the economic downturn has problems from the financial institutions and professionals. This constraint has reduced the profits and the constraints are largely associated with the decisions of the professionals. An effective planning requires the adoption of some changes that agnize the project feasible in order to get the profits. Zenith is a construction company is losing profits as the projects are not feasible due to the non-adoption of changes in decision making by the professionals and financial institutions. gift study The present study is a project feasibility study that analyses the problems associated with the construction industry and suggest the changes to be adopted by the management of the Zenith construction company for the project to be feasible. Problems and issues of the construction industry in UK House purchase credit facilities Owning a house is becoming chan ge magnitudely difficult to respective(a) sectors in the society due to the lack of funds to invest on commercial development projects. creation size and demographics commonwealth is increasing and also becoming older, and an important aspect is that there is no correlation coefficient between the population growth and the households. The growth of the households is disproportionate with the increasing population. Consequently there is also a significant change in the demographics. Density of the population United Kingdom has become one of the thickly populated areas of Europe and this creates a lot of pressure that cannot be sustained. This pressure is well-nighly towards the countryside with limited raw(a) resources.Brownfield development The Government has restricted the construction wee on the green fields, and sixty percent of the construction work should be targeted on the brown fields. environmental impact on mental synthesiss on that point are environmental concerns arising due to the unsustainability emanating from millions of buildings which are alive and the natural building that are strengthened every year. The activities of the construction industry such as demolition, maintenance, repair and conversion poses an immediate and long term problems to the environment.However, this has decreased relatively with honorable mention to the construction industry. Brown field development The Government of UK introduced a planning policy that aims at increasing the use of Brown field sites for construction. This policy promotes greening and addresses the public fears on the spreading of the cities to the low dumbness country lands. There are certain empty lands left by the major manufacturing industries that incurred heavy losings and some areas of the city which require regeneration.The development of these areas may provide some solution at to the lowest degree to some extent to the demand for housing in the commercial market of UK. The targ et set come on by the government to develop sore houses was sixty percent by 2008, however, in the policy the term PPS3 means vacant lands and the lands which are in use and have potential for development. The percentage of the new homes built on the brown fields increased from 53 to 56 percent in ten years. If the refurbishments working included in the policy are hireed there is an increase of 3 percent and it is not a difficult task to achieve.Some commentators argue that the target for brown field can be raise to 100 percent by taking up the development in north and mid lands. other viable alternative includes the utilizing the existing lands and buildings, as the construction of new buildings is expensive. The forecast is that there may be a still more shortage of financial resources in future. Population density A high level of density placed a heavy pressure on the country side for its indispensable resources. Pressure has increased on utilization of the green belt and other open areas for housing to realize the demands in the commercial markets.There is a decrease in the percentage of green and pleasant land, as there is a 5 percent increase in the construction of home in the rural areas. (Department for Environment and Rural Affairs. 2000) The location can be improved if the existing buildings are used in an efficient way. Feasibility study The feasibility studies for any project are aimed at erudite the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the business environment. The study is also carried aside for knowing about the unavoidable resources, and the possibility of success.Feasibility study assesses the exist of project and the value attained from those costs and a good feasibility study provides a historical background of the product, accounts, operations and management, financial data, legal requirements and tax constructions. (Justis,et,al, 1979). Five common factors of feasibility study Technology and system feasibility The aim of carrying out the technological feasibility study is to find out the technological capabilities of the company in terms of hard ware, software, expertise, and personnel to handle the project up to its completion.stinting feasibility The effectiveness of the new system is evaluated with economic analysis, and the expected benefits and savings are compared with the costs. The cost factors include the development costs and the operating costs and the analysis of these factors determines the deliverable benefits from the system. The economic analysis also considers a cartridge clip found study to know about the sentence postulate to get returns from the investment. Legal feasibility The data cognitive processing system should comply with the local data protection act. surgical processal feasibilityOperation feasibility determines the capability of the system to solve the problems. Schedule feasibility This measures how well reasonable the project time table is, and deter mines whether the deadlines are mandatory or desired. Adaptation With the problems and issues associated with the construction of households, it is proposed to alter or adjust the structure in an environment to suit the new conditions that includes alterations, extensions, improvement, and other works. The three main forms of adjustments include conversion, extension and refurbishment.In addition to this, alteration, conservation, modernization and maintenance also comprise adaptation. A lot of benefits are associated with the adaptation of the existing building instead of demolishing it and constructing a new building after clearing the site this is refurbishment. (Douglas,2002). technical and operational feasibility A lot of factors favor refurbishment that include the social factors that conserve naught and resources, and preserve the historic monuments that avoids a social resistance to this change economic factors shorter construction periods, keeping the business trial, condition of the building, constraints in planning, insufficient funds, necessity to upgrade the structure, high land values, uncertainties such as long term value, loss of investment and constraints in development. (Kwayke, 1994) Economic feasibility Cost control was a problem followed by a variation and pricing of tenders, however, control of the dust and noise occupied the top stick of the problem issues. (Egbu,1996).For the feasibility study of a refurbishment work it is important to allot sufficient time in the early stages of the project, in such a way that the design, procurement, and construction can be based on the findings of the feasibility studies. Most of the studies suggest that there are more benefits associated with the adaptation. The benefits are increase in the speed of construction, and when the time for the feasibility study for refurbishment is considered, it is 50 percent less than the time required for a fresh new construction. Adaptation projects have fewer chances for delay particularly from weather.When the refurbishment work begins, there will be external envelopes and the roof covering, and with the display case of new construction time is required for demolition, removal of the resulting waste, and for the delivery of the new materials. There will be least disruption in the buildings of the neighbors, and cost to refill is reduced. Delay due to the delivery of material would be very less as most of the required materials already exist. With a thorough feasibility study, it is possible to control the costs with an effective forecasting.The succession of the project will be less consequently the borrowings and the loss of earnings will be less. There will no problem for the savings for the site security, and the other costs associated with the site establishment and running costs. Other important issue to be considered for the feasibility for refurbishment includes least impact on the environment. The exploit of vehicles will be less, least amount of materials that go to the landfill, reduction in the use of new materials and the free energy as well as costs associated with it.In addition to this there will be deliverance of the heritage as some people argue that some of the architectural features are better than the new erections. Change programme of the company Taking the advantages of adaptation into consideration, the company can take adaptation both as refurbishment, conversion, or alteration in order to make the project feasible. Considering the requirements of the client The surveyor should be in a position to advise the client on the viable alternatives to the new construction, and be able to present them.The total costs for a building project will include the cost of the land, cost of acquiring and preparing the site, cost of demolition and physical preparation, cost of building, professional fees for the whole project, cost of disposal, and the cost of financing. (Ferry and Brandon, 1984). Def ining the problem After the details of the problem are clarified, the scope of the decision can be defined. The decision noble should focus the attention on the major aspects of the decision. The decision should be based on the financial situation of the client and a considerable amount of time should be allotted to this activity.Setting the objectives After knowing about the requirements of the client, it is important to consider what is hoped to achieve the decision and the aims to work. The client decision making should be tell towards specific objectives to be achieved within the allotted time and cost parameters. Determining the options This is a creative process, and it is the process of generating the alternatives, that would satisfy the requirements of the client. The thoughts should be focused on producing viable and suitable options, and for this the client, and in the present study adaptation is the viable and suitable option.Deployment phase It is the responsibility of the surveyor to develop an appropriate strategy for deployment. Developing a eventuality plan is also required. Control phase The control is exercised upon the feedback of the information from the actual performance when compared with the predetermined plan. (Watson,2009) present forward phase This phase involves the critical analysis of the entire decision making activity, and this phase genuinely involves taking the experience obtained from the previous projects. (Cook and Slack,1984). The key issues to be addressed for building adaptation Suitability of the building structure of the building condition of the building aesthetics Project brief sustainability legal issues change of use Conclusions Adaptation process can solve the problems and issues of household and commercial building of UK and it is also important to consider the environmental issues while taking a decision on the feasibility of the construction work. When decision on construction is considered it is imp ortant to take decisions on costs and environmental issues. The due consideration should also be given to initial costs and future running costs.These factors should be incorporated into the decision making model. In the present study the project would be feasible when it is refurbished given the advantages associated with the adaptation rather than reconstruction. When all of the preceding(prenominal) facts are taken into consideration the project is feasible in deriving the profits and good will to the company for its sustainability. Decision making model pic References 1. Cook, S. and Slack, N. (1984) Making Management Decisions, Prentice-Hall International Inc, London, UK, ISBN 0-13-547837-5. 2. Douglas, J. 2002) Building Adaptation, Butterworth Heineman, Oxford, ISBN 0-7506-5085-0. 3. Department for Environment and Rural Affairs. (2000) Countryside Survey Accounting for Nature Assessing Habitats in the UK Countryside online, Retrieved from http//www. defra. gov. uk/wildlife- countryside/cs2000/02/01. htm Accessed February 2007. 4. Egbu, C. (1996) Characteristics and Difficulties Associated with Refurbishment. Construction Papers No. 66, CIOB, Ascot. 5. Ferry, D. J. and Brandon, P. S. (1984) Cost think of Buildings, BSP Professional Books, London, UK, ISBN 0-632-02403-8 . Firmansyah . A,B et. al(2006) Risk analysis in feasibility study of building construction project case study -Pt. Perusahaan Gas Negara Indonesia. The Tenth East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction expansive 3-5, 2006, Bangkok, Thailand Retrieved from http//eprints. qut. edu. au/6551/1/Trigunarsyah_EASEC_10_5. pdf 7. Department for Environment and Rural Affairs. (2000) Countryside Survey Accounting for Nature Assessing Habitats in the UK Countryside online, Retrieved from http//www. efra. gov. uk/wildlife-countryside/cs2000/02/01. htm Accessed February 2007. 8. Justis, R. T. Kreigsmann, B. (1979). The feasibility study as a tool for venture analysis. Business Journal 9. National Statistics Online. (2005) Population UK Population Grows to 59. 6 million online, Retrieved from http//www. statistics. gov. uk/cci/nugget. asp? id=760 Accessed February 2007. 10. Paul Watson (2009) The key issues when choosing adaptation of an existing building over new build Journal of Building Appraisal (2009) 4, 215223

An Unpredicted New kind Of Warfare Essay Example for Free

An Unpredicted New kind Of Warfare EssayWorld fight one continued for four years across a vast and stretching from the English business line to the northern Swiss border. In 1914 the prediction was that the warfare would be over by Christmas. At the root system of the war, The Germans thought they could capture France before invading Russia therefore preventing a war on two fronts. nonwithstanding because of the failure of tactics they couldnt succeed, and this was one of the main reasons the war lasted for such a long period. It was no monthlong each side trying to capture the separate in the war but stopping the enemies move workforcets in trench warfare and using new technology to soften up enemy, if it didnt back fire.Defense was at one time the key to winning the war and was far superior than the offensive. The trenches were hard to capture by locomote army because of increasing fire post from machine wedges. Crossing no-mans land was committing suicide for the t roops as machine guns could inflict frightful damage on advancing infantry.The realization of the advantage of defense resulted in the enhanced rate of advancing technology. This was one of the core reasons for stalemate upon the westbound Front because technology was advancing at such a rapid rate and new inventions were being introduced in a hasty manner. Many of the new inventions were not sufficiently tested and many of the ideas were not thoroughly thought through which resulted in unnecessary delays. Aircraft at the start of the war was use primarily for reconnaissance work, spotting enemy trenches and movements before a practicable effort. precisely this alerted the enemys attention and gave them time to prepare resulting in the attackers job being more costly and problematic to undertake. Barbed appearfit was massed produced on an industrial scale by twain sides as barbed outfit entanglements were unbreakable for troops, stopped cavalry in their tracks, and slowed troops down completely.Attempts were made to destroy barbed wire with shellfire but the barbed wire is just lifted and often destroys up in a big mess than before. atomic number 17 petrol was first introduced in April 1915 by the German army against the French army. Chlorine gas destroyed your respiratory organs and you had a long slow death. But poisonous gas was an extremely unreliable method of attack as the direction of the wind may change at any time and return the poison in the direction of the attacker killing your own troops. Also, as with many other weapons that were developed it can only be used once to an advantage, as their broker of surprise is lost. Gas masks were quickly distributed to both sides and gas was not such a great solicitude as it was first thoughtTanks were invented to be the technical solution to the major problem of both barbed wire and machine guns. They had an armour plate to protect troops whilst attacking and caterpillar traction to chuck up t he sponge them to cross-hilly and muddy ground. But the first Mark I tank was a weak and variable weapon. It was used at the Somme in 1916 but neither their performance nor numbers could help win the action. It was not until Cambrai in 1917 that tanks were used on a large scale. They crunched their way over the barbed wire and German trenches creating a huge hole in the German defenses.A General on horseback commanded his armies in battle up until 1914. After 1914 telephones were working. Battles could be safely won from far away behind a desk. But though this development in communications may seem a great success, but telephones in reality were useless in attack, because the commanders didnt turn over a good perspective of the war and didnt know everything as they would be if they were sitting on horse and overlooking the battle which led to troops often drag back because of lack of communications and broad view of the battle.In 1914 neither the French nor the British armies wer e accomplished for trench warfare. They had to adapt which to a faultk them several years and accounted for several of their failures and delays. French generals felt infantry charges were a necessary to win the war despite the huge advances in technology. And Germen generals thought that with enough ammunition and man power and gradually wearing down the enemy they would win the war.Eventually in 1917 the French army refused to attack any more, only to defend because of the horrific numbers of casualties lost for only a few miles gained. A term to explain this was the cannon fodder. The battle of Somme in 1916 is a good example for a imposing case of awful miscalculations by the leading of both sides Britain lost around 419,000 men for only a strip of land about 25 km long and 6km wide. These huge loses were due to bad planning. The men were untrained and advanced towards the enemy walking and carrying heavy packs on their backs. These big pushes which was a belief overlap b y British Kitchener and Haig were mere execution of sides troops as they were walking straight into machine gun fire.The first World War was the first war between two vastly industrialized economies and factories on both sides mass-produced inconceivable amounts of artillery and ammunition. Industry was under an incredible amount of strain and it was not until 1917 that the munitions industry was able to produce adequate quantities of ammunitions. Railways played a major part in the pane of troops form one area of the western front to the next along with food and other supplies. Both sides were also both able to keep going because of the huge numbers of men and supplies always brought by trains and trucks. Basically both the central powers and allies were never in a drought of resources.At the outbreak of war on the Western Front, the Allies and the Germans were relatively equal in their strengths and weaknesses. Bad leadership held up many of the British and French attacks result ing in unnecessary numbers of casualties. Germany spread its men out over many of the fronts not only in the eastern front, but also in the Western Front. One argument is that if perhaps they had concentrated on only one front they may have had a chance of success as opposed to spreading out the troops over a large area.The deadlock ended in 1918 when it was broken by eventual collapse of the central powers. It was in the long run attrition that proved the crucial decider but it was a series of events and inventions that had not happened before which gave way to the end result. The submarine campaign was important as it brought America into the war with fresh troops and much require resources and resulted in a huge blow to the German morale.In conclusion, there was no one avowedly reason for deadlock on the western front, but that it was due to several problems. Technology advanced too rapidly, generals were not adequately trained for trench warfare. As one quote would say The gr eat war was fought with 20th century weapons and 19th century tactics. The war was able to be kept going due to the fact they were both vastly industrialized economies and neither side was able to eliminate the other since and the governments of both sides directed the industries towards mass production of uniforms, ammunitions, ships, explosives etc

Why People Should Read Books Essay Example for Free

why People Should Read Books EssayIt is a disappointment that people read allows less often in these days of widespread technological reliance. Books were the primary reference work of intellectual entertainment just a nose candy years ago, but with the invention of radio, television, cinematography, and the Internet and computer games, it seems that reading books is no longer a normal leisure activity. However, I believe that books argon an irreplaceable part of our lives, and the role that masterfully-written books play on the ain growth and development of a particular person throughout aces life is a remarkable one. Books directly expand our consciousness of how we live and where we live, enrich our power to express ourselves, supply us with inspiration in a way that other mediums can non compete with. Books expand our knowledge and conception of the manhood around us. One may argue that films and TV documentaries do that too, but I believe that books argon a much bette r alternative, since they eachow each reader to experience the same story utilise ones own imagination. When a hundred people watch a film or a TV show, they see the same content whatever the director and the producer wish to show.Books are different. The experience achieved through reading is richer and more(prenominal) personal, since the same description and the same word choice willing result in as many different interpretations as there are readers. We are all unique, and books allow us to experience whatever is narrated in the light of our own personal places, through our ideas and our imagination. In addition, books enrich our vocabulary, introduce us to refreshing notions and offer a wider choice of words to us.With every book we read, we become more intelligent. Even reading one seemingly more primitive pulp apologue book per month can enrich ones personal vocabulary with dozens of raw(a) words, garter us build more concise sentences on our own and express oneself better, sack ones speech more intelligent. Watching certain TV programs and documentary films can also gallop ones vocabulary, but hardly as effectively as books do, since reading operates with both more sophisticated visual and audio (if reading aloud) receptors.Moreover, our imagination reproduces mental pictures of what we are reading about, so a new word automatically links to a certain image and a particular effect that it relates to. Therefore, reading books is a wonderful tool when it comes to learning and developing ones vocabulary at any age. Books are a fantastic source of inspiration. Unlike fine art, architecture or travelling, books help us create our own mental illustration for what we read on paper. In a way, books make us all artists and creators of our own mental cartoons, movies or illustration collections. each image we create ourselves is automatically allotted a certain emotion, whether a simple or a more complicated one. Every mental image that a written w ord projects is vibrant with feelings and emotions. This is what makes books powerful and memorable. Books are an endless source of inspiration and motivation to become a better person. I am certain that creating a establishment of symbols and finally an alphabet, words, and books was the greatest series of inventions of humankind.The books I am talking about are classics, those that do not have an expiration date and will be priceless for any generation. They will continue sparking new ideas, inspiring new deeds and enriching the lives of every generation to come. I am positive that books will eventually regain their popularity with todays youth, since unlike the popular kinds of entertainment in fashion today, books are those root to which people will go back, in search of the motivation, inspiration and aspiration, to find the true meaning and value of life.

History of Psychology Essay Example for Free

History of Psychology EssayI state that this assignment is my ingest work and has not been submitted in whatever form for an other unit, degree or diploma at any university or other institute of tertiary education. Information derived from the published or unpublished work of others has been acknowledged in the text and a list of references is given. I warrant that any disks and/or computer files submitted as part of this assignment have been checked for viruses and reported clean.Student cutaneous senses __________________________Date __________________________AbstractThis paper aims to trace and analyze the historical development of the subjective record of integrity, the sources and reactions towards the theory. The implications of the theory of subjective integrity are vast since a position on the nature of legality permeates matchlesss personal life goals and purposes, cognition, and morality of individual(a) and hence too affects search methodology and psych otherapy.Subjectivism focuses on individuals thoughts and feelings as nearly as the proposition that knowledge of gentlemans gentlemans raft never be disjunct from the knower. This literature review covers the existence of rightfulness as being subjective during the time of the early classical philosophers, present within Hellenic and Roman psychological science and persisting within wild-eyed and existential ism, gay-centered psychology and the approaches of the postmodernists in the mid-1960s.Keywords subjective justness, history, postmodernismThe Subjective Nature Of Truth A Historical DevelopmentThe uninterrupted tension of whether rightfulness is object glass or subjective has long since existed throughout history and continues to pervade in current schools of psychotherapies. Science versus Humanism is the term Conway (1992) gives to the philosophical dimension along which the values underlying the theories of psychologists differ. A scientific approach to psyc hology is based on the epistemological tradition of objectivism. Mahoney (1989) summarizes objectivism as beliefs that an objective and set forth real world lies beyond the organism, independent of perception and that valid knowledge is ultimately rendered from our sensory images, and send away be tot exclusivelyy separated from the knower (Mahoney, 1989 as cited in Conway, 1992).In contrast, the valetistic approach to psychology is based on the epistemological tradition of subjectivism which focuses on thoughts and feelings. Furthermore, knowledge of military personnel can never be separated from the knower (Conway, 1992). Due to variant theories on the nature of truth, methodology for observing consciousness and the graphic symbol of inward experience differ. The human science approach to psychology seeks to explain behavior in scathe of a persons subjective existence (Kendler, 2005). humanitarian psychology and philosophical phenomenology are ii schools of thought tha t employ the human science interpretation of psychology (Kendler, 2005). The implications of the theory of the relativity of truth is seen in the individuals personal life goals, purpose of life, cognitive styles, morality, ethics, counseling goals, research methodology and conceptualization of definitions.Due to the bully relevance of the proposition to psychology, this essay traces and analyzes the historical development of the subjective nature of truth, the sources and reactions towards the theory. Early Greek Philosophers and Hellenistic and Roman Psychology The Sophists were a group of philosophers who believed that nothing is inherently right or wrong scarcely that believing something is right makes it right and vice versa (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 41). Protagoras (485-420 B.C.) was the most popular Sophist who proposed that man is the measure of all things, meaning that man determines whether something is line up or untrue and hence, truth depends on the perceiver not strong -arm reality (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 41).The context of this perspective of the nature of truth is that Protagoras lived in the Periclean democracy where skills for effective communication were precious to make especially in the political sphere (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 42) where some beliefs were more advantageous to utilitarian agreement than others. Hence, Protagoras was primarily interested in teaching effective argumentation to demonstrate the practicality of the relativity of truth. Socrates (470-399 B.C.) disagreed with the Sophists view that no truth exists beyond personal opinion. In the second century A.D., a school of thought named irresolution promoted suspension of judgment and preferred to say This is how things appear to me rather than to claim having arrived at irrevocable truth (Hergenhahn, 2009).They were of the view that dogmatists constantly fought amongst themselves and were always agitated unlike the Skeptics who sought a life of peace and lived by two primary take aims appearances (sensations and feelings) and social convention (Hergenhahn, 2009). Displaying a similarity with the Sophists and the Skeptics, the Cynics lots(prenominal) as Diogenes (412-323) advocated individualism and that true happiness depended on self-sufficiency and living a life that was natural, rejecting any type of control, be it incarnate or social control. The theme of moving by from absolute truth and towards a relativistic aim of truth, individual feelings, opinions, social convention or whatever truth brings gain (e.g., political spatial relation or living peaceably with others) will manifest itself again throughout history.Instrumental theory of truth positiveness as criteria for truth William James (1842-1910) was of the view that ideas become true as long as they athletic supporter people satisfactorily relate with other parts of ones experience (De Waal, 2005, p. 43). James proposes that it is far-off from essential for our thoughts, beliefs or in other words, conceptions of truth, to copy reality. Hence, he opposes the singularity of truth and posits that multiple, though different beliefs are acceptable. In contrast, thither can only be one truth for the empiricists and the reasoning(prenominal)ists since truth is the immaculate copy of reality (De Waal, 2005, p. 47).Based on pragmatic beliefs, James proposes that any hypothesis cannot be rejected if there are useful results that come from it. Pragmatism is hence a principle that views any truth as true as long as it profits. In other words, the pragmatists notion of truth is that beliefs originating from within ones self but does not copy anything without the believer will still count as true when these lead people to complaints that are worthwhile (De Waal, 2005, p. 50).The theme of moving away from a singular truth independent of the knower and towards whichever concept, idea or belief brings profit is a pattern seen even during the Early Greek Philosophers and Hel lenistic and Roman Psychology. A profit-focused approach to handling truth, as proposed by the pragmatists, will strongly permeate and an underlying principle in future philosophies and approaches to psychology such as love story, existentialism, humanistic and postmodern psychology.Romantic and existential philosophy Feelings, human choice and freedomIn the late 18th century, an artistic and intellectual movement named Romanticism rebelled against Enlightenment rationality that overemphasized linear and the probe of origins by trying to add feelings and intuition to rationality (Schneider, 1998). Romanticism emphasized the wholeness of experience via unuttered processes such as affect, intuition, kinesthesia, imagination as well as the descriptions of these processes (Schneider, 1998). Rousseau was of the view that facts of history were of less immenseness than what values can be learned from them and that history should be considered as a collection of fables (Rousseau, 1762 as cited in Robinson, 2008).This type of thinking is seen again in postmodern thinking later on in history although to Rousseau, historical facts were not subjective but unknowable because of human error and interpretation. In psychology, romanticism is manifested in orientations of existential-humanistic, hermeneutical, narrative, and transpersonal psychologies (Schneider, 1998). Carl Rogers of the school of humanistic psychology, whose thoughts will be further explored later on in this paper, has much similarity with the romantics since experience is Rogers highest authority and makes decisions based on what feels emphasis mine right, valuable or worth doing (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 593). Like romanticism, existentialism stresses subjective experience.The existentialists (18th and 19th centuries) encourage us humans to consider the meaning of living authentically, in ones consume personal way (Oaklander, 1992). If one chooses freely, one chooses authentically and leads an authentic life. Since there are no objective values for the existentialist, it depends more on how one chooses rather than what their choice is. An existential philosopher, Kierkegaard proposed that each persons life each has its own self-determined meaning. Subjectivity is truth, that is, the persons beliefs define that persons reality (Oaklander, 1992, p. 577).Though the existentialist philosophers differ in their views in a few reflections of their thinking, one common theme is the emphasis on human freedom and choice and the related slogan of Sartre that existence precedes essence which means that humans have no prepackaged nature or essence but that we are is what we choose to be (Oaklander, 1992). In other words, subjectivity must be the starting point (Oaklander, 1992). Sartre also says that Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. Such is the first principle of existentialism. It is also what is called subjectivity Influenced by existential philosophy, a brand of contempo rary psychology which has the key concepts of freedom, individuality, genuineness and responsibility emerged called existential psychology (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 574).The man who is generally considered to be the bridge between existential philosophy and existential psychology is Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) who is of the view that there is no ultimate truth but emphasizes interpretation and that there is no real meaning behind a phenomenon (Daitz, 2011). He proposed that humans choose nature of their own existence and it is worthy of notice that Heidegger chose to be committed to Nazism (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 574).The theme of moving away from a singular truth independent of the knower and towards personal truth as self-defined by individuals as well as the unfortunate consequence of individuals freely choosing what they think is right or desirable which may conflict with what society views as desirable. This will manifest itself again with slight differences in humanistic and post modern psychology.Humanistic psychology An application of subjective truthIn the early 1960s, humanistic psychology, a new human science that would study humans as aware, choosing and emotional beings, appeared in reaction to traditional scientific approaches to psychology (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 571). Unlike the two existing schools of psychology, behaviorism and psycho abridgment, which assume determinism in explaining human behavior, humanistic psychology assumes humans are free to choose their own existence and that subjective reality is the most important cause of behavior (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 571). A basic tenet of humanistic psychology is that subjective reality is the primary guide for human behavior (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 586).Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) was of the view that humanistic science should allow the individual to be freer and more sexual determined (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 586). What he deemed as self-actualization is what humans achieve when they are true to their ow n nature (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 587). Carl Rogers (1902-1987) also proposed that a person who is likely to live a fulfilling life is motivated by his true inner feelings instead of beliefs, traditions and values imposed by others outside the individual (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 593).Rogers started the movement of Person-Centered therapy which stress an essential faith in the experiential world of the client and stress three conditions to promote the clients emersion congruence (genuineness on the therapist part), true empathy, peremptory positive regard. A limitation that Owen (1999) notes in his analysis of both psychoanalysis and person-centred therapy is the conflict for the person-centred therapist to both communicate unconditional positive regard as well as congruence with a negative feeling about a client. In other words, prizing the client and also at the same time, being honest with personal feelings towards client.This poses a question of what a therapist should rightly do wh en being honest also means being non-empathic and withholding unconditional positive regard from the client. This job of congruency undeniably stems from the theory of truth and its subjective nature since what the therapist believes to be true and what the client believes to be true are both equally true if the assumption is that the individual self-defines truth. Postmodernism approaches Contemporary development of the theory of truth Modernists believe in objective reality that exists independent of any attempt to observe it whereas postmodernists believe in subjective realities that do not exist independent of experimental processes (Corey, 2005).Postmodernism is similar to the romantics, existentialists, the Sophists, and Skeptics and aspects of James psychology in that there multiple truths and these vary with individual experience, thus pavement the way for postmodernism. According to Schneider (1998), the postmodernist were different from the romantics in that postmoderni sts promote a relativistic chaos when this conflicted with the sensibility of Romanticism (Schneider, 1998). The Romantics assumed knowledge as determinate and argued for the universality of autonomous experience while postmodernism assumes it as indeterminate and relativistic, thus fragmenting knowledge and experience (Webb, 2006).Similar to James pragmatism, the postmodernist is of the view that a paradox exists only when people agree there is a problem needing to be call ined. Narrative therapy is an application of the Postmodernist approach to psychology and encourages clients to see their stories from different perspectives (Corey, 2005). The clients reality is focused on without disagreeing whether it is accurate or rational (Weishaar, 1993 as cited in Corey, 2005). Unlike traditional therapists who see the client as the problem, the narrative therapists believe that the problem is the problem (Corey, 2005). This separation of client from problem allows one to take a stance against specific storylines, be hopeful in generating a more positive, healing story and thus reducing self-blame.The therapist searches for generation when the client made a choice and measure when the client was successful (Corey, 2005, p. 403). Very similar to the assumptions of the Cynics and specially the Romantics, the Postmodernist approach is based on the optimistic assumption that people are able and that they possess alternative stories that can enhance their lives (Corey, 2005, p. 403). The nature of truth and the approach to psychology Future research direction Within the United States and internationally, Kirschenbaum and Jourdan (2005) carried out a survey that found an increasing number of therapists who identify themselves as eclectic or integrative amongst Carl Rogers client-centered/person-centered therapists over the past 30 years.In his writing on the topic of romanticisms potential in complementing psychology, Schneider (1998) writes that experimental resear ch, whether in hypothesis-making or verification, cannot fully replace romantic insights and needs to refer back to qualitative data that Romantics emphasize (Schneider, 1998). Hence, there are advantages in employing research as well as therapy methodology that take into account aspects of the intuitive and emotional aspect of human beings that romanticism emphasizes. In view of the advantages, Schneider also writes about the implications for therapists in training. He proposes the furnish of rich and lovesome qualitative descriptions of their clients in addition to treatment plans that are problem-oriented or behavioral in focus (Schneider, 1998).Therapists in training should also pay attention to emotional, kinesthetic, and cognitive experiences of clients. Besides just assessing progress toward therapy goals, the meaning of therapy goals for clients should also be considered. Schneider is of the view that therapist with the full range of experiential data about their clients w ould be in an optimal position to collate essential data for a treatment plan. Hence, research should be do to measure the effectiveness of this approach to therapy in addition to (i.e., eclectic approaches) or instead of traditional approaches.In his comparison of person-centred therapy with psychodynamic therapy, Owen (1999) notes the possibility of conflict that person-centred therapists might face in trying to be congruent to their own personal feelings while at the same time, being non-judgmental and providing unconditional positive regard. Further research should be carried out in the area of long-term consequences to the therapist and to the client as well as strategies that can be employed when there is a conflict in the congruence of the therapist and the therapist provision of unconditional positive regard.Research may also include investigating the incorporation of one aspect of the psychodynamic approach which is neutrality (neither making interpretations nor providing unconditional positive regard) towards the clients sharing of his personal experience or thoughts (Owen, 1999). Neutrality allows for a full range of emotions including negative emotions of the client.ConclusionWhether truth is absolute and independent of the knower and perceiver has been supported and argued against since the period of the early Greek philosophers. Similar themes that focus on the human individual to evaluate and make their own choices, define their own meaning and ultimately, define and act upon what is the nature of truth and the truth itself recur time and time again whether in the form of an emphasis on affect like the Romantics or Postmodernist who selects part of a narrative, whether accurate or true, to put it to good use in helping the individual cope during therapy.The implications of the position taken on the nature of truth have been demonstrated throughout history in major schools of philosophy, psychology and in this paper. Future dead reckoning of t his theory of truth is that, after certain negative events that will happen in future times as a result of pragmatic and postmodern thinking, a reaction against relativistic and individualized conceptions of truth that may take a shape of fundamentalism may return to schools of philosophy and the social sciences.ReferencesConway, J. B. (1992). Presidential address A world of differences among psychologists. Canadian Psychology, 33(1), 1-23. Corey, G. (2005). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (7th ed.). California Thomson Learning Inc. Daitz, L. (2011). Understanding, truth or resolve? Considering the aim of existential psychotherapy and the approaches of van Deurzen and Spinelli. Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis, 22(1), 140-149. De Waal, C. (2005). On Pragmatism. California Thomson Wadsworth Hergenhahn, B. R. (2009). An introduction to the history of psychology (6th ed.). California Cengage learning. Kendler, H. H. (2005). Psychology and phenomenolog y A clarication. American Psychologist, 60(4), 318324 Kirschenbaum, H. Jourdan, A. (2005). The current status of Carl Rogers and the person-centered approach. Educational Publishing Foundation, 42(1), 3751. doi 10.1037/0033-3204.42.1.37 Oaklander, L. N. (1992). Existentialist philosophy An introduction. New Jersey Prentice sign Owen, I. R. (1999). Exploring the similarities and differences between person-centred and psychoanalytic therapies. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 27(2), 165-178 doi 0306-9885/99/020165-14 Robinson, P. (2008). Jean-Jacques Rousseau and history Moral truth at the expense of facticity. Rethinking History, 12(3), 417431. doi 10.108 0/13642520802193 288 Schneider, K. J. (1998). Toward a science of the heart Romanticism and the revival of psychology. American Psychologist, 53(3), 277-289 Webb, R. K. (2006). From romantic humanist to postmodern pedagogy How the alien becomes normative in contemporary education. Radical Pedagogy. Retrieved from http/ /radicalpedagogy.icaap.org/ confine/issue8_2/webb.html