Eating Behaviour and Perceptions of Body Image in School

take in air and Perceptions of dead body Image in shallowEating conduct and learning of carcass soma in direct childrenBackgrounddead body dissatis detailion, which is delimit as the variability between perceived and angel clay jut, piece of tail start during childhood (Smolak 2004) and cig bette lead to consume and weightiness businesss in adolescence (Stice 2002 McKnight 2003). Specifically, Stice 2002 reported that when an adolescent reconciles with consistence dissatisfaction the probability of engaging to nutrimenting and consume habits that are precursors of eat disarrays was increased. Besides that soundbox dissatisfaction was linked to bulimia (Stice 2002). Moreover, McKnight 2003 suggested that school children who presented with hairlike preoccupation were in greater pretend of ontogeny an take trouble oneself (McKnight 2003). In addition, body dissatisfaction has been associated with obesity, since obesity is an feeding disorder risk facto r (Fairburn, Welch et al. 1997 Mustillo, Worthman et al. 2003) and body word picture is a moderator of the risk of developing have disorders (Dounchis, Hayden et al. 2001). Except from body dissatisfaction, eating problems in early childhood understructure lead to eating disorders in adolescence and early cock-a-hoophood (Kotler, Cohen et al. 2001).A calculate of studies stick foc utilize on the relationship between eating styles that head the development of eating disorders, and the discipline of body symbol in diverse age groups like school children, adolescents and university students and nourish reported that individuals with high beat and eff scores were more likely to study a thinner model body role and consequently had body dissatisfaction (Edlund, Halvarsson et al. 1996 Nishizawa, Kida et al. 2003 Gonalves, Silva et al. 2012 del plunder Bibiloni, Pich et al. 2013 Kutlu and Civi 2013). In more detail, Kutlu and Civi (2013) investigated the association betwe en symptoms of eating disorders and body perception by using the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-40) in university students and frame that individuals who perceived themselves obese reported higher scores in the EAT-40 and frankincense exhibit a relation between eating disorders and body emblem perception. Similar results were presented in a schooling that investigated the association between self-physique and symptoms of anorexia nevrosa in high school individuals in Japan and showed that students with an eating disorder a great dealtimes chose the thinnest ideal body image when compared to the students who did non have an eating disorder (Nishizawa, Kida et al. 2003). Additionally, Edlund et al. 1996 investigated the relation between the ChEAT, DEBQ questionnaires and body image in school girls and spy that girls with high ChEAT scores were more likely to diet and pack to restrained eating and these girls had a higher edition between ideal and perceived body image.Other studie s have focuse on eating looks like restrained and steamy eating and the relation with perception of body image (Kapka-Skrzypczak 2012 Wiedemann and Saules 2013 Ohara, Kato et al. 2014). Ohara et al. 2014 investigated the association between eating behavior, by using the DEBQ questionnaire, and dissonance of body image in Japanese university students and suggested that restrained eating was negatively associated with body dissatisfaction in both males and females. In addition, university female students with emotional eating had higher levels of discrepancy of body image. This pattern was not observed in males (Ohara, Kato et al. 2014). Wiedemann and Saules (2013) suggested that the positive association between emotional eating and weight problem perception, some other term for body image perception, could be explained by the fact that individuals that perceive themselves as overweight lock in to emotional eating because they have got strong emotions like anger, depression or a nxiety more often than individuals who are satisfied with their body image. Kapka-Skrzypczak (2012) studied the relationship between dietetic habits in adolescents and young adults and reported that students that werent on a diet were more satisfied with their body image as compared to students that tried to overlook weight.Another important fact that arises from the existing literature is that the majority of studies are cross-sectional and examine the association between eating disorders symptoms or eating behavior and body dissatisfaction in a specific point in time. This results in a lack of longitudinal info take uping the need pathway that connects eating behavior and the discrepancy between perceived and ideal body image. Moreover, most of the studies that were found during the literature search include adolescents and university students and only when two studies investigated this relationship in school children (Edlund, Halvarsson et al. 1996 Gonalves, Silva et al. 20 12). Therefore, the objective of this strike is to explore the association between eating behavior of school children (9 social class old), reported by mothers, and the discrepancy of body image. For this purpose information from the generation R study ordain be used. Additionally, eating behavior imparting be assessed by the squirtrens Eating demeanour Questionnaire (CEBQ) and the perception of body image by the Childrens automobile trunk Image Scale (CBIS).In conclusion, future studies should focus on younger ages, between 4-9 years old, because presently it is not known whether the association that is demonstrated by the aforementioned studies for adolescents and university students is present at this age group too. Furthermore, longitudinal studies investigating whether eating behavior of preschool children is a predictor of the perception of body image are require and besides the individual and parental factors, sociocultural factors should be taken into consideratio n. propagation R extension R is a population- ground prospective cohort study from fetal life to young adulthood (Jaddoe, van Duijn et al. 2012). This study aims to investigate the causes (environmental and genetic) and the pathway that contribute to a normal or abnormal egression and consequently the state of health throughout fetal life, childhood and adulthood. In Generation R there are certain areas of research absorb enatic health, growth and physical development, behavioral and cognitive development, respiratory health and allergies, ailments in childhood, and health and healthcare for children and their parents. Generation R invited all gravid women living in Rotterdam and were expected to deliver between April 2002 and January 2006. Furthermore, follow-up studies included children born by mothers that participated in the study. Participants had to sign a written intercommunicate consent in order to be able to participate in the study. Physical examinations and questio nnaires were included in the assessments, where the majority (86%) of the questionnaires were fill up out by parents. Generation R has been approved by the medical exam Ethical citizens committee of the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam. More information and details of Generation R can be found elsewhere (Jaddoe, van Duijn et al. 2012).Childrens Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ)The CEBQ was developed in order to assess the eating behavior of children and study which eating styles lead to obesity and overweight (Wardle, Guthrie et al. 2001). Childrens eating behavior is reported by parents and consists of 8 eating behavior items food responsiveness, role of food, emotional overeating, desire to drink, satiety responsiveness, emotional undereating and fussiness. In order to circular these items a 5-point Likert scale is used and ranges from 1 to 5, where 1 denoted never and 5 always (Wardle, Guthrie et al. 2001).Childrens Body Image Scale (CBIS)The CBIS is an instrument that is used to assess the perception of body size in children (Truby and Paxton 2002). CBIS consists of 7 figures which have different versions for males and females. These 7 figures range from the thinnest body shape to the fattest (3rd to 97th NCHS percentiles) (Truby and Paxton 2002). Usually, children have to choose between these 7 figures the one that represents the perceived and the one that denotes the ideal body image.CovariatesChild BMI, gender, ethnicity, maternal BMI and education will be included in the regression analysis as potential confuse variables (Gonalves, Silva et al. 2012 Baillie and Copeland 2013 Bergmeier, Skouteris et al. 2014 Sukariyah and Sidani 2014). It has been demonstrated that female high school students had higher scores on emotional eating and binge eating than males (Sukariyah and Sidani 2014). Additionally, Baile and Copeland (2013) observed that women had higher score on the Body Shape Questionnaire. An different pattern was reported in Goncalves et al. (2012), where boys who were not satisfied with their body image had higher score in the ChEAT questionnaire, a pattern that was not seen in girls who participated in the same study. Moreover, another study in Korean adolescents found that males had higher percentage of body image distortion and thus were in greater risk of developing an eating disorder than females (Hyun, Jung et al. 2014). BMI has been associated with body image dissatisfaction, since individuals with a higher BMI are more likely to be dissatisfied with their body image and engage to restrained eating (Jones and Crawford 2005 OHaver, Melnyk et al. 2009 Gonalves, Silva et al. 2012). Furthermore, differences in the magnitude of body image dissatisfaction concerning ethnicity have been suggested by some studies (Gluck and Geliebter 2002 Baillie and Copeland 2013). Glunk and Geliebter (2002) reported that Caucasians and Asians had a higher discrepancy of body image than African Americans and Caucasians scored high er on the eating disorder questionnaire than Asians and African Americans. Baillie and Copeland (2013) observed that Caucasians had a greater body dissatisfaction with their body image than Chinese but no differences were found concerning the scores on the eating disorder questionnaire (EAT-26). Lastly, maternal BMI and education have been associated with food fussiness in children (Bergmeier, Skouteris et al. 2014). Besides that, Goncalves et al. (2012) found that higher maternal BMI was associated with higher scores on the ChEAT questionnaire.Research question(s)Is there an association between eating behavior and the discrepancy between perceived and ideal body image?In case an association is present, which items from the CEBQ questionnaire are related with the discrepancy between perceived and ideal body image?HypothesisThis study will not be based on a specific hypothesis. Instead an exploration of the association between eating behavior and discrepancy of body image will be con ducted in 9 year old children from the Generation R study.MethodsSubjectsIn this study data were collected from both mothers and their children. lowly, mothers provided information on their childs eating behavior by make full out the CEBQ questionnaire, when their children were at the age of 9. Secondly, children at the age of 9 filled out the CBIS for the assessment of the perception of body image. In total data from approximately 4000 children are available at this point.Statistical abridgmentCBIS provides ordinal data but usually it is treated as interval data (Collins 1991). From the CBIS questionnaire the variable discrepancy of body image will be created. dissimilarity of body image is defined as the difference of perceived-ideal body image.Plots to lead whether the variables of interest are commonly distributed will be done.Descriptive statistics will be performed for eating behavior items and body image (ideal, perceived and discrepancy of perceived-ideal) (mean scor es and standard deviations). For this purpose statistical tests, parametric (ANOVA, 2) and non-parametric tests for not normally distributed data will be done.Check correlation between confounding variables, eating behavior and body perception.Multiple linear regression will be performed where eating behavior (in the form of CEBQ scores) will be the matter variable and discrepancy of body perception will be the self-employed person/explanatory variable.Sensitivity analysis will be performed for the participants that didnt have any missing values, in order to check whether individuals with missing data are different from individuals without missing data.Multiple imputation techniques will be used in order to check for missing data and avoid bias.StatisticsSPSS 21Period of thesis/internship1 April 2015 31 August 2015Investigation turning away1-24/04 Conducting literature search and writing research proposal27/04-01/05 First acquaintance with dataset04-08/05 Preparation of data ana lysis11/05-05/06 Statistical Analysis and writing part of the report08-12/06 Interpretation of results for the data analysis15/06-22/07 Writing report23/07-09/08 Holidays10-17/08 Correcting and improving manuscript18-21/08 Outline and select report24-31/08 Preparation of presentation and presentationReferencesBaillie, L. 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